Effectiveness of an intervention focusing on diet and walking during pregnancy in the primary health care service.

Interventions during prenatal care can mitigate negative outcomes of a sedentary lifestyle and unhealthy diet during pregnancy. We aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of an intervention that promoted healthy diet and leisure-time walking during antenatal care in a pragmatic, controlled, non-randomized intervention study. Physicians and nurses from all health care units of the Family Health Strategy model of health assistance participated in educational training to promote leisure-time walking and healthy diet during antenatal care visits. Pregnant women who received health care from these professionals constituted the intervention group (n = 181). The control group (n = 172) included pregnant women who received routine antenatal care, in health care units of the traditional model of health assistance. Data were collected in each trimester of pregnancy. Diet was investigated using a food frequency questionnaire adapted from Risk and Protective Factors Surveillance System for Chronic Non-Comunicable Diseases Through Telephone Interview (Vigitel). Leisure-time walking in a typical week was assessed using questions from the Physical Activity in Pregnancy Questionnaire. There were positive effects on leisure-time walking during the second trimester and the third trimester of pregnancy and on the women who achieved 150 minutes per week of walking during the third trimester. The intervention reduced the risk of pregnant women consuming soft drinks and/or commercially prepared cookies in the third trimester. This lifestyle intervention was partially effective, tripling the proportion of pregnant women who achieved the recommended walking time and reducing by half the proportion of women who had a high weekly consumption of soft drinks and industrially processed cookies.

Determinants of fruits, vegetables, and ultra-processed foods consumption among infants.

The objective was to evaluate the influence of individual and contextual determinants on infant's consumption of fruits and vegetables (FV), and ultra-processed foods (UPF). The data was obtained from the Survey of Prevalence of Breastfeeding in Brazilian Municipalities, 2008. A representative sample of 14,326 infants 6-11.9 months old, from seventy-five municipalities of São Paulo state was evaluated. The influence of determinants on FV and UPF consumption was analyzed using Poisson multilevel regression. Mother's educational level and maternal age had positive dose-response effect for the consumption of FV (p trend < 0.001) and negative for UPF (p trend < 0.001). Infants of multiparous women and those who received outpatient care in public medical system showed lower prevalence of FV (p < 0.001 for both) and higher prevalence of UPF (respectively, p < 0.001 and p = 0.001). Moreover, the contextual variable related to population size indicated that the prevalence of consumption of FV decreased (p < 0.001) and UPF increased (p = 0.081) with decreased population size. Therefore, infants born to women with low education levels, who received outpatient care in the public health network, and who reside in small municipalities should be prioritized for educational programs related to feeding practices.

Consumption of ultra-processed foods in the third gestational trimester and increased weight gain: a Brazilian cohort study.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether the consumption of ultra-processed foods (UPF) during pregnancy is associated with gestational weight gain (GWG). DESIGN: Cohort study with collection of two 24-h dietary recalls during each gestational trimester obtained on non-consecutive days and differentiating weekday v. weekend/holiday. The foods were classified according to the NOVA system into fresh or minimally processed foods and their culinary preparations, processed and UPF and subsequently analysed as a percentage contribution to dietary energy. The outcome was average GWG in the second and in the third trimesters, expressed in g/week. SETTING: Botucatu, a medium-sized Brazilian city. PARTICIPANTS: Pregnant women with regular obstetric risk (n 259) undergoing prenatal care in primary healthcare. RESULTS: In a multiple linear regression model, it was found that an increase of 1 percentage point in energy consumption from UPF in the third gestational trimester led to an average increase of 4·17 (95 % CI 0·55; 7·79) g in weekly GWG in this period. There was no association between second-trimester UPF consumption and GWG. CONCLUSIONS: Consumption of UPF in the third gestational trimester is positively associated with average weekly GWG in this period.

Feeding practices of low birth weight Brazilian infants and associated factors.

OBJECTIVE: To characterize complementary feeding and to analyze the influence of individual and contextual factors on dietary practices of low birth weight infants. METHODS: This cross-sectional study included 2,370 low birth weight infants aged 6 to 12 months included in the Breastfeeding Prevalence Survey in Brazilian Municipalities (2008), which covered the 26 state capitals, the Federal District and 37 municipalities. Dietary practices were assessed using two indicators: I) dietary diversity, characterized by the consumption of five food groups: meat, beans, vegetables, fruit and milk; II) consumption of ultra-processed foods, characterized by the ingestion of at least one of the following foods on the day prior to the survey: soda, or processed juice, or cookie, cracker and crisps. The covariates of interest were the socioeconomic characteristics of infants, mothers and health services. The contextual factor was the "municipal prevalence of child undernutrition." The individualized effect of the study factors on outcomes was assessed by multilevel Poisson regression. RESULTS: Approximately 59% of infants consumed ultra-processed foods, while 29% had diverse feeding. Mothers living in municipalities with child undernutrition prevalence below 10%, with higher education and working outside the home were more likely to offer dietary diversity. Consumption of ultra-processed foods was higher among infants living in municipalities with child undernutrition prevalence below 10%, whose mothers were younger and multiparous. CONCLUSIONS: The low prevalence of diverse feeding combined with the high prevalence of ultra-processed food consumption characterizes the low quality of feeding of low birth weight Brazilian infants. Individual and contextual factors impact the feeding quality of this population, suggesting the need for effective strategies to increase the consumption of fresh and minimally processed foods and decrease the consumption of ultra-processed foods by this vulnerable population.

Caracterização do consumo alimentar de lactentes paulistas com idade entre seis e doze meses.

O objetivo deste artigo é caracterizar o consumo alimentar de lactentes paulistas no segundo semestre de vida. Estudo transversal, com amostra representativa de 14.327 lactentes de seis a doze meses, residentes de 76 municípios do estado de São Paulo, em 2008. Foi realizada a caracterização da amostra de lactentes, de mães e de cada município estudado. Em relação ao consumo alimentar, além da avaliação sobre alimentos e preparações consumidos, foram calculados indicadores com base nas recomendações da Organização Mundial da Saúde, Ministério da Saúde e estudos sobre práticas de alimentação infantil. A análise do consumo alimentar segundo faixa etária (6|-8,9 meses e 9|-12 meses) e padrão de aleitamento materno utilizou o teste de qui-quadrado, considerando-se significante p < 0,05. A maioria dos lactentes encontrava-se em aleitamento materno (56,1%). O consumo de mingau, água, fruta, papa salgada, carne e de alimentos não saudáveis foi mais prevalente nos lactentes mais velhos e naqueles não amamentados. A maioria dos lactentes apresentou classificação negativa para diversidade mínima (68,2%), adequação da dieta (72,7%) ou dieta minimamente aceitável (71,1%). A alimentação dos lactentes paulistas encontra-se aquém das recomendações preconizadas pelas autoridades.

The association of dietary glycaemic index and glycaemic load with gestational weight gain and newborn birth weight.

Diet during pregnancy is related to several maternal and infant health outcomes; however, the relationship between maternal dietary glycaemic index (GI) and glycaemic load (GL) and gestational weight gain (GWG) or newborn birth weight is controversial. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the relationship between maternal dietary GI and GL and GWG and birth weight. A cohort of adult pregnant women with usual obstetric risk was followed in Botucatu, SP, Brazil. Two 24-h dietary recalls were collected in each gestational trimester (<14, 24-27, 31-34 weeks), one in person and the other by telephone. GI and GL were determined using the software Nutrition Data System for Research. GWG was obtained from medical records and evaluated as the weekly GWG between the second and third gestational trimesters. Newborn birth weight z-score in relation to gestational age was evaluated according to Intergrowth-21st Project recommendations. A multiple linear regression model, adjusted for potential confounders, showed a one-point increase in the GI resulted in a mean decrease of 12·9 (95 % CI -21·48, -4·24) g in weekly GWG; GL was not associated with this outcome. The birth weight z-score was not associated with GI (P = 0·763) or GL (P = 0·317). In conclusion, in a cohort of pregnant women considered at usual risk for obstetric complications, maternal dietary GI was negatively associated with weekly GWG in the second and third gestational trimesters. No association was observed between GL and GWG, and neither GI nor GL was associated with birth weight z-score.

Feeding practices of low birth weight Brazilian infants and associated factors / Práticas alimentares de lactentes brasileiros nascidos com baixo peso e fatores associados

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To characterize complementary feeding and to analyze the influence of individual and contextual factors on dietary practices of low birth weight infants. METHODS This cross-sectional study included 2,370 low birth weight infants aged 6 to 12 months included in the Breastfeeding Prevalence Survey in Brazilian Municipalities (2008), which covered the 26 state capitals, the Federal District and 37 municipalities. Dietary practices were assessed using two indicators: I) dietary diversity, characterized by the consumption of five food groups: meat, beans, vegetables, fruit and milk; II) consumption of ultra-processed foods, characterized by the ingestion of at least one of the following foods on the day prior to the survey: soda, or processed juice, or cookie, cracker and crisps. The covariates of interest were the socioeconomic characteristics of infants, mothers and health services. The contextual factor was the "municipal prevalence of child undernutrition." The individualized effect of the study factors on outcomes was assessed by multilevel Poisson regression. RESULTS Approximately 59% of infants consumed ultra-processed foods, while 29% had diverse feeding. Mothers living in municipalities with child undernutrition prevalence below 10%, with higher education and working outside the home were more likely to offer dietary diversity. Consumption of ultra-processed foods was higher among infants living in municipalities with child undernutrition prevalence below 10%, whose mothers were younger and multiparous. CONCLUSIONS The low prevalence of diverse feeding combined with the high prevalence of ultra-processed food consumption characterizes the low quality of feeding of low birth weight Brazilian infants. Individual and contextual factors impact the feeding quality of this population, suggesting the need for effective strategies to increase the consumption of fresh and minimally processed foods and decrease the consumption of ultra-processed foods by this vulnerable population.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Caracterizar a alimentação complementar e analisar a influência de fatores individuais e contextuais sobre práticas alimentares de lactentes que nasceram com baixo peso. MÉTODOS Este estudo transversal incluiu 2.370 lactentes nascidos com baixo peso e com idade entre 6 e 12 meses incluídos na Pesquisa de Prevalência de Aleitamento Materno em Municípios Brasileiros (2008), que abrangeu as 26 capitais, o Distrito Federal e mais 37 municípios. As práticas alimentares foram avaliadas usando dois indicadores: i) diversidade alimentar, caracterizada pelo consumo dos cinco grupos alimentares: carnes, feijão, legumes e verduras, frutas e leite; ii) consumo de alimentos ultraprocessados, caracterizado pela ingestão de pelo menos um dos seguintes alimentos no dia anterior à pesquisa: refrigerante, ou suco industrializado, ou bolacha, biscoito e salgadinho. As covariáveis de interesse corresponderam às características socioeconômicas, dos lactentes, das mães e dos serviços de saúde. O fator contextual foi a "prevalência municipal de desnutrição infantil". O efeito individualizado dos fatores de estudo sobre os desfechos foi avaliado mediante regressão de Poisson com estrutura multinível. RESULTADOS Aproximadamente 59% dos lactentes consumiram alimentos ultraprocessados, enquanto 29% apresentaram diversidade alimentar. Mães que residiam em municípios com prevalência de desnutrição infantil inferior a 10%, com maior nível de escolaridade e que trabalhavam fora de casa foram mais propensas a oferecer diversidade alimentar. O consumo de alimentos ultraprocessados foi maior entre lactentes residentes em municípios com prevalência de desnutrição infantil inferior a 10%, cujas mães eram mais jovens e multíparas. CONCLUSÕES A baixa prevalência de alimentação diversa aliada à alta prevalência do consumo de alimentos ultraprocessados caracteriza a baixa qualidade da alimentação dos lactentes brasileiros com baixo peso ao nascer. Fatores individuais e contextuais impactam a qualidade da alimentação dessa população, sugerindo a necessidade de adoção de estratégias eficazes para aumentar o consumo de alimentos in natura e minimamente processados e diminuir o consumo de alimentos ultraprocessados por esta população vulnerável.

[Determinants of exclusive breastfeeding in low birthweight infants under six months of age]. / Determinantes do aleitamento materno exclusivo em lactentes menores de seis meses nascidos com baixo peso.

The study aimed to assess factors associated with exclusive breastfeeding in low birthweight infants under six months of age in 64 Brazilian municipalities. This cross-sectional study included the 2,745 low birth weight infants under six months of age in the Survey on Prevalence of Breastfeeding (2008) in Brazilian municipalities. The outcome was exclusive breastfeeding. Individual determinants included socioeconomic characteristics (infants' age and sex), maternal characteristics (age bracket, work status, and parity), and characteristics of health services (birth in a Child-Friendly Hospital; place of outpatient follow-up; type of delivery). Two contextual determinants were also included: "number of Human Milk Banks per municipality per 10,000 live births" and "municipal human development index". The individualized effect of the study factor on the outcome was assessed by multilevel Poisson regression with level of significance under 5%. Exclusive Breastfeeding was more prevalent in low birth weight infants whose mothers were 20-35 years of age, who were not working away from home or were on maternity leave, who had given birth in a Child-Friendly Hospital, and who lived in municipalities with more human milk banks per 10,000 live births. The result of the positive and independent effect of strategies that were already part of the National Breastfeeding Policy (birth in a Child-Friendly Hospital, living in a municipality with more human milk banks, and adopting laws that guarantee maternity leave) on exclusive breastfeeding in low birth weight infants points to the need to expand the coverage of these measures in order to meet the breastfeeding targets proposed by the World Health Organization.

Objetivou-se avaliar os fatores associados ao aleitamento materno exclusivo (AME) em lactentes com baixo peso ao nascer, menores de seis meses e residentes em 64 municípios brasileiros. Este estudo transversal incluiu os 2.745 lactentes com baixo peso ao nascer menores de seis meses da Pesquisa de Prevalência de Aleitamento Materno (2008) em municípios brasileiros. O desfecho foi "AME". Os determinantes individuais corresponderam às características socioeconômicas dos lactentes (idade; sexo), das mães (faixa etária; situação de trabalho; paridade) e dos serviços de saúde (nascimento em Hospital Amigo da Criança; local de acompanhamento ambulatorial; tipo de parto). Dois determinantes contextuais foram incluídos: "número de bancos de leite humano por município por 10 mil nascidos vivos", e "IDH do município". O efeito individualizado do fator de estudo sobre o desfecho foi avaliado mediante regressão de Poisson com estrutura multinível, considerando-se associação significante quando p < 5%. O AME foi mais prevalente entre lactentes com baixo peso ao nascer cujas mães tinham de 20-35 anos, não trabalhavam fora ou estavam em licença maternidade; nos que nasceram em Hospital Amigo da Criança e que residiam em municípios com maior número de bancos de leite humano por 10 mil nascidos vivos. O resultado do efeito positivo e independente de estratégias que já integram a Política Nacional de Aleitamento Materno (nascer em Hospital Amigo da Criança, residir em município com maior disponibilidade de bancos de leite humano e adotar leis que garantam a licença maternidade) sobre o AME em lactentes com baixo peso ao nascer, aponta para a necessidade de expansão da cobertura dessas ações com vistas ao cumprimento das metas de aleitamento propostas pela Organização Mundial da Saúde.

El objetivo fue evaluar los factores asociados a la lactancia materna exclusiva en lactantes con bajo peso al nacer menores de seis meses, residentes en 64 municipios brasileños. Este estudio transversal incluyó a los 2.745 lactantes con bajo peso al nacer, menores de seis meses, de la Encuesta de Prevalencia de Lactancia Materna (2008) en municipios Brasileños. El desenlace fue "lactancia materna exclusiva". Los determinantes individuales correspondieron a las características socioeconómicas de los lactantes (edad; sexo), de las madres (franja etaria; situación laboral; igualdad) y de los servicios de salud (nacimiento en un Hospital Amigo da Criança; lugar de seguimiento ambulatorio; tipo de parto). Se incluyeron dos determinantes contextuales: "número de bancos de leche humana por municipio por 10 mil nacidos vivos", e "IDH del municipio". El efecto individualizado del factor de estudio sobre el desenlace fue evaluado mediante regresión de Poisson con estructura multinivel, considerándose una asociación significante cuando p < 5%. El lactancia materna exclusiva fue más prevalente entre lactantes con bajo peso al nacer, cuyas madres tenían de 20-35 años, no trabajaban fuera o estaban con licencia de maternidad; en quienes nacieron en un Hospital Amigo da Criança y que residían en municipios con mayor número de bancos de leche humana por 10 mil nacidos vivos. El resultado del efecto positivo e independiente de estrategias, que ya integran la Política Nacional de Lactancia Materna (nacer en Hospital Amigo da Criança, residir en municipio con mayor disponibilidad de bancos de leche humana y adoptar leyes que garanticen la baja por maternidad), sobre el lactancia materna exclusiva en lactantes con bajo peso al nacer, apunta la necesidad de expansión de la cobertura de esas acciones con vistas al cumplimiento de las metas de lactancia propuestas por la Organización Mundial de la Salud.

Adherence to dietary patterns during pregnancy and association with maternal characteristics in pregnant Brazilian women.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to investigate food consumption during pregnancy by determining dietary patterns, associations with maternal characteristics, and possible changes in adherence to patterns throughout pregnancy. METHODS: We prospectively followed two groups of pregnant women (N = 353) and collected, in each gestational trimester, two 24-h dietary recalls: one in person and another by telephone, with one of these recalls performed on a weekend or holiday. To determine the women's dietary patterns, principal component analysis was conducted using the combined data of groups and trimesters. The association between adherence to patterns and maternal characteristics was investigated using a logistic regression model, including covariates as potential confounders. Changes in adherence throughout the trimesters by the means difference test also were examined. RESULTS: Three dietary patterns were identified: traditional Brazilian; predominantly ultra-processed and beef; and whole grains, fruits, vegetables, low-fat milk, and dairy. Associations were found between adherence to patterns and not working outside the home, not being white, being younger, not living with a partner, drinking alcohol before pregnancy, years of formal education, and socioeconomic classification. Adherence to the traditional Brazilian pattern increased as gestational trimesters advanced, whereas the pattern that included whole grains, fruits, vegetables, low-fat milk, and milk derivatives decreased from the first to the second gestational trimester. CONCLUSION: We found associations between maternal sociodemographic characteristics and adherence to different dietary patterns, as well as changes in adherence during pregnancy. This knowledge is relevant to creating specific and feasible guidelines for different population strata associated with the patterns.

Ultra-processed Food Consumption by Pregnant Women: The Effect of an Educational Intervention with Health Professionals.

Objectives Nutrition during pregnancy is related with many maternal and child outcomes. To investigate the consumption of ultra-processed foods is one of the newest methods to evaluate food consumption, but these studies in pregnant women are rare. Methods We conducted a non-randomized controlled educational intervention on healthy eating and physical activity during pregnancy in primary health care units of Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil. The sample comprised two groups of pregnant women with low obstetric risk, an intervention group (n = 181) and a control group (n = 172). The health professionals that assisted the pregnant women from the intervention group were trained to promote five healthy food practices during the prenatal care appointments: consumption of three fruits; two portions of vegetables; two portions of beans, at least 5 days per week; and restriction of soft drinks and industrially processed cookies. All pregnant women answered two 24-h dietary recalls per trimester, one face-to-face, another by telephone. The foods consumed by pregnant women were classified according Nova. The impact of the intervention on the ultra-processed food consumption was evaluated by multilevel linear regression analysis. Results A quarter of the energy consumed by the pregnant women provided from ultra-processed foods. The intervention reduced these percentage of energy between the first and second trimester of pregnancy by 4.6 points (p = 0.015). This effect was not observed in the third trimester of pregnancy. Conclusions for Practice Training health care professionals to promote healthy food practices is a viable and sustainable alternative to reduce ultra-processed foods during pregnancy.

Determinantes do aleitamento materno exclusivo em lactentes menores de seis meses nascidos com baixo peso / Determinants of exclusive breastfeeding in low birthweight infants under six months of age / Determinantes de la lactancia materna exclusiva en lactantes menores de seis meses nacidos con bajo peso

Resumo: Objetivou-se avaliar os fatores associados ao aleitamento materno exclusivo (AME) em lactentes com baixo peso ao nascer, menores de seis meses e residentes em 64 municípios brasileiros. Este estudo transversal incluiu os 2.745 lactentes com baixo peso ao nascer menores de seis meses da Pesquisa de Prevalência de Aleitamento Materno (2008) em municípios brasileiros. O desfecho foi "AME". Os determinantes individuais corresponderam às características socioeconômicas dos lactentes (idade; sexo), das mães (faixa etária; situação de trabalho; paridade) e dos serviços de saúde (nascimento em Hospital Amigo da Criança; local de acompanhamento ambulatorial; tipo de parto). Dois determinantes contextuais foram incluídos: "número de bancos de leite humano por município por 10 mil nascidos vivos", e "IDH do município". O efeito individualizado do fator de estudo sobre o desfecho foi avaliado mediante regressão de Poisson com estrutura multinível, considerando-se associação significante quando p < 5%. O AME foi mais prevalente entre lactentes com baixo peso ao nascer cujas mães tinham de 20-35 anos, não trabalhavam fora ou estavam em licença maternidade; nos que nasceram em Hospital Amigo da Criança e que residiam em municípios com maior número de bancos de leite humano por 10 mil nascidos vivos. O resultado do efeito positivo e independente de estratégias que já integram a Política Nacional de Aleitamento Materno (nascer em Hospital Amigo da Criança, residir em município com maior disponibilidade de bancos de leite humano e adotar leis que garantam a licença maternidade) sobre o AME em lactentes com baixo peso ao nascer, aponta para a necessidade de expansão da cobertura dessas ações com vistas ao cumprimento das metas de aleitamento propostas pela Organização Mundial da Saúde.

Abstract: The study aimed to assess factors associated with exclusive breastfeeding in low birthweight infants under six months of age in 64 Brazilian municipalities. This cross-sectional study included the 2,745 low birth weight infants under six months of age in the Survey on Prevalence of Breastfeeding (2008) in Brazilian municipalities. The outcome was exclusive breastfeeding. Individual determinants included socioeconomic characteristics (infants' age and sex), maternal characteristics (age bracket, work status, and parity), and characteristics of health services (birth in a Child-Friendly Hospital; place of outpatient follow-up; type of delivery). Two contextual determinants were also included: "number of Human Milk Banks per municipality per 10,000 live births" and "municipal human development index". The individualized effect of the study factor on the outcome was assessed by multilevel Poisson regression with level of significance under 5%. Exclusive Breastfeeding was more prevalent in low birth weight infants whose mothers were 20-35 years of age, who were not working away from home or were on maternity leave, who had given birth in a Child-Friendly Hospital, and who lived in municipalities with more human milk banks per 10,000 live births. The result of the positive and independent effect of strategies that were already part of the National Breastfeeding Policy (birth in a Child-Friendly Hospital, living in a municipality with more human milk banks, and adopting laws that guarantee maternity leave) on exclusive breastfeeding in low birth weight infants points to the need to expand the coverage of these measures in order to meet the breastfeeding targets proposed by the World Health Organization.

Resumen: El objetivo fue evaluar los factores asociados a la lactancia materna exclusiva en lactantes con bajo peso al nacer menores de seis meses, residentes en 64 municipios brasileños. Este estudio transversal incluyó a los 2.745 lactantes con bajo peso al nacer, menores de seis meses, de la Encuesta de Prevalencia de Lactancia Materna (2008) en municipios Brasileños. El desenlace fue "lactancia materna exclusiva". Los determinantes individuales correspondieron a las características socioeconómicas de los lactantes (edad; sexo), de las madres (franja etaria; situación laboral; igualdad) y de los servicios de salud (nacimiento en un Hospital Amigo da Criança; lugar de seguimiento ambulatorio; tipo de parto). Se incluyeron dos determinantes contextuales: "número de bancos de leche humana por municipio por 10 mil nacidos vivos", e "IDH del municipio". El efecto individualizado del factor de estudio sobre el desenlace fue evaluado mediante regresión de Poisson con estructura multinivel, considerándose una asociación significante cuando p < 5%. El lactancia materna exclusiva fue más prevalente entre lactantes con bajo peso al nacer, cuyas madres tenían de 20-35 años, no trabajaban fuera o estaban con licencia de maternidad; en quienes nacieron en un Hospital Amigo da Criança y que residían en municipios con mayor número de bancos de leche humana por 10 mil nacidos vivos. El resultado del efecto positivo e independiente de estrategias, que ya integran la Política Nacional de Lactancia Materna (nacer en Hospital Amigo da Criança, residir en municipio con mayor disponibilidad de bancos de leche humana y adoptar leyes que garanticen la baja por maternidad), sobre el lactancia materna exclusiva en lactantes con bajo peso al nacer, apunta la necesidad de expansión de la cobertura de esas acciones con vistas al cumplimiento de las metas de lactancia propuestas por la Organización Mundial de la Salud.

Influência do aleitamento materno sobre o consumo de bebidas ou alimentos adoçados / Influence of breastfeeding on consumption of sweetened beverages or foods

RESUMO Objetivo: Verificar se o aleitamento materno associa-se a menores prevalências de consumo de bebidas ou alimentos adoçados entre lactentes. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo transversal realizado com dados da Pesquisa de Prevalência de Aleitamento Materno em Municípios Brasileiros de 2008. Foi estudada uma amostra representativa de 14.326 lactentes, de 6 a 11,9 meses, residentes em 75 municípios do estado de São Paulo. Avaliou-se a influência do aleitamento materno sobre o consumo de bebidas ou alimentos adoçados mediante regressão de Poisson multinível. Permaneceram como variáveis de ajuste aquelas que apresentaram p<0,20 na análise bruta. Resultados: A maioria dos lactentes encontrava-se em aleitamento materno (56,1%), e 53,3% consumiram bebidas ou alimentos adoçados. O consumo de tais bebidas ou alimentos foi menos prevalente entre os lactentes amamentados, após ajustes pelas variáveis de confusão (RP 0,87; IC95% 0,83-0,91). Conclusões: A presença do aleitamento materno associou-se a menores prevalências de consumo de bebidas ou alimentos adoçados. Assim, pode-se esperar, como efeito adicional das ações de promoção ao aleitamento materno, que haja diminuição do consumo de bebidas ou alimentos adoçados entre lactentes.

ABSTRACT Objective: To verify whether breastfeeding is associated with lower prevalence of consumption of sweetened beverages or foods in infants. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study with data collected from the Survey on Prevalence of Breastfeeding conducted in Brazilian municipalities in 2008. A representative sample of 14,326 infants aged 6 to 11.9 months of age, residents of 75 municipalities in the State of São Paulo, Southeastern Brazil, was studied. The influence of breastfeeding on the consumption of sweetened beverages or food products was analyzed by multilevel Poisson regression. Variables with p<0.20 in the crude analysis were included in the multilevel analysis. Results: Most infants were on breastfeeding (56.1%). The prevalence of sweetened drinks or foods consumption was 53.3%. The consumption of sweetened products was shown to be less prevalent among breastfed infants after adjustment for confounding factors (PR 0.87; 95%CI 0.83-0.91). Conclusions: Breastfeeding was associated with lower consumption of sweetened beverages or foods. As an additional effect of actions aimed at promoting breastfeeding, a decrease in intake of sweetened products is expected among infants.

INFLUENCE OF BREASTFEEDING ON CONSUMPTION OF SWEETENED BEVERAGES OR FOODS. / INFLUÊNCIA DO ALEITAMENTO MATERNO SOBRE O CONSUMO DE BEBIDAS OU ALIMENTOS ADOÇADOS.

OBJECTIVE: To verify whether breastfeeding is associated with lower prevalence of consumption of sweetened beverages or foods in infants. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study with data collected from the Survey on Prevalence of Breastfeeding conducted in Brazilian municipalities in 2008. A representative sample of 14,326 infants aged 6 to 11.9 months of age, residents of 75 municipalities in the State of São Paulo, Southeastern Brazil, was studied. The influence of breastfeeding on the consumption of sweetened beverages or food products was analyzed by multilevel Poisson regression. Variables with p<0.20 in the crude analysis were included in the multilevel analysis. RESULTS: Most infants were on breastfeeding (56.1%). The prevalence of sweetened drinks or foods consumption was 53.3%. The consumption of sweetened products was shown to be less prevalent among breastfed infants after adjustment for confounding factors (PR 0.87; 95%CI 0.83-0.91). CONCLUSIONS: Breastfeeding was associated with lower consumption of sweetened beverages or foods. As an additional effect of actions aimed at promoting breastfeeding, a decrease in intake of sweetened products is expected among infants.

OBJETIVO: Verificar se o aleitamento materno associa-se a menores prevalências de consumo de bebidas ou alimentos adoçados entre lactentes. MÉTODOS: Trata-se de um estudo transversal realizado com dados da Pesquisa de Prevalência de Aleitamento Materno em Municípios Brasileiros de 2008. Foi estudada uma amostra representativa de 14.326 lactentes, de 6 a 11,9 meses, residentes em 75 municípios do estado de São Paulo. Avaliou-se a influência do aleitamento materno sobre o consumo de bebidas ou alimentos adoçados mediante regressão de Poisson multinível. Permaneceram como variáveis de ajuste aquelas que apresentaram p<0,20 na análise bruta. RESULTADOS: A maioria dos lactentes encontrava-se em aleitamento materno (56,1%), e 53,3% consumiram bebidas ou alimentos adoçados. O consumo de tais bebidas ou alimentos foi menos prevalente entre os lactentes amamentados, após ajustes pelas variáveis de confusão (RP 0,87; IC95% 0,83-0,91). CONCLUSÕES: A presença do aleitamento materno associou-se a menores prevalências de consumo de bebidas ou alimentos adoçados. Assim, pode-se esperar, como efeito adicional das ações de promoção ao aleitamento materno, que haja diminuição do consumo de bebidas ou alimentos adoçados entre lactentes.

Insufficient intake of alpha-linolenic fatty acid (18:3n-3) during pregnancy: and associated factors / Ingestão insuficiente de ácido graxo alfa-linolênico (18:3n-3) durante a gestação: e fatores associados

ABSTRACT Objective: To analyze alpha-linolenic fatty acid intake in two cohorts of pregnant women, and to identify factors associated with alpha-linolenic acid intake. Methods: This is a cohort study involving pregnant women with low obstetric risk (N=353) in public health system from a municipality of São Paulo state, Brazil. In each trimester, two 24-hour food recalls were collected. Descriptive analyses of dietary lipid profiles were performed, followed by a multiple comparison test. According to the trimester of pregnancy, differences were assessed using the mean difference test. To evaluate the adequacy of linoleic fatty acid and alpha-linolenic acid intake, the adequate intake test was used. The association between alpha-linolenic acid intake adequacy and maternal characteristics was investigated using a binary logistic regression model. Results: Total lipids intake and the percentage contribution to dietary energy met recommended levels. One-third of the diets demonstrated a lower than daily recommended intake of alpha-linolenic acid. Overweight pregnant women were twice as likely to have inadequate alpha-linolenic acid intake. Pregnant women from a more disadvantaged socioeconomic situation had greater risks of inadequate intake. Conclusion: Over-intake of lipids is not problematic, but quality is an issue, with one third of the pregnant women and their fetuses exposed to adverse effects due to low intake of omega-3 fatty acids, indicating important nutritional vulnerability in this population.

RESUMO Objetivo: Analisar a ingestão ácidos graxos alfa-linolênico e identificar fatores associados à ingestão inadequada em duas coortes de gestantes acompanhadas trimestralmente. Métodos: Estudo de coorte com gestantes de baixo risco obstétrico (N=353) representativas das usuárias da rede pública de saúde de um município paulista. Nos três trimestres gestacionais foram coletados dois recordatórios alimentares de 24 horas. Análises descritivas do perfil lipídico da dieta foram processadas seguidas do teste de comparações múltiplas. As diferenças, segundo trimestre gestacional, foram avaliadas pelo teste de diferença de médias. Para avaliação da adequação do consumo foi utilizada a ingestão recomendável. A associação entre a adequação da ingestão de ácido alfa-linolênico e características maternas foi investigada por meio de modelo de regressão logística binária. Resultados: A contribuição percentual de lipídeos totais mostrou-se adequada;1/3 das gestantes não alcançou a recomendação de ingestão diária de ácido alfa-linolênico. Gestantes com excesso de peso apresentam o dobro de chances de consumo inadequado de ácido alfa-linolênico. Comparadas às gestantes das classes D/E, as pertencentes a classe C têm menores chances de consumo inadequado. Conclusão: Não há um problema de excesso de consumo de lipídeos e sim da qualidade destes, cerca de 1/3 das gestantes acompanhadas e seus conceptos estão expostos aos efeitos adversos do baixo consumo de ácidos graxos de cadeia ômega-3 na gestação, indicando importante vulnerabilidade nutricional nessa população.

[High prevalence of inadequate calcium and vitamin D dietary intake in two cohorts of pregnant women]. / Alta prevalência de inadequação da ingestão dietética de cálcio e vitamina D em duas coortes de gestantes.

This study aimed to identify the prevalence of inadequate calcium and vitamin D dietary intake and related factors in two cohorts of pregnant women according to trimester of pregnancy. Two 24-hour dietary recall tests were taken in each trimester, one pertaining to weekends. Variables significantly correlated with intake of these nutrients were included in a multivariate linear regression model, adjusted for energy. Prevalence of inadequate intake was estimated according to the National Cancer Institute method (United States). In cohort A, inadequate vitamin D did not differ between trimesters; in B there was a reduction: from 99.7% in the first trimester to 97.1% in the third. In cohorts A and B, inadequate calcium intake exceeded 70%, falling slightly from the first (89.2% and 81.4%) to the second (79.7% and 69.1%) and third trimesters (82.7% and 72.6%). There was no correlation between maternal variables and the intake of these micronutrients. In conclusion, intake of vitamin D and calcium is seriously inadequate and distributed homogeneously among pregnant women in the primary healthcare network.

[Dental caries in 12-year-old schoolchildren from a non-fluoridated municipality in the Western Brazilian Amazon, Brazil, 2010]. / Cárie dentária em escolares de 12 anos de idade em município sem água fluoretada na Amazônia Ocidental brasileira, 2010.

OBJECTIVE: to describe dental caries occurrence and dental care received among 12-year-old schoolchildren in a small town in the Amazon region according to sex and area of residence. METHODS: this was a descriptive study conducted in Acrelandia-AC, Brazil, in 2010; DMFT and dental care indexes were estimated in accordance with World Health Organization recommendations. RESULTS: 186 schoolchildren participated, 47.8% were girls and 41.4% lived in the rural area; DMFT was 2.15 (1.77;2.52) without differences between the categories; the care index was 32.8%, with higher rates for the rural area (p<0.001). CONCLUSION: although they lived in a non-fluoridated area, the schoolchildren had a caries experience and dental care pattern closer to that of Brazil as a whole rather than that of the Northern region; the hypothesis of association with the level of human development and the performance of Family Health Strategy Oral Health teams is discussed.

Educational intervention regarding diet and physical activity for pregnant women: changes in knowledge and practices among health professionals.

BACKGROUND: The knowledge and practices of health professionals have a recognized role in behaviors related to the health of their patients. During pregnancy, this influence can be even stronger because there is frequent contact between women and doctors/nurses at periodic antenatal visits. When trained, supported and motivated, these professionals can act as health promoters. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of a focused educational intervention on improving the knowledge and practices of health professionals concerning diet and physical activity during pregnancy. METHODS: A controlled, non-randomized study was performed to assess the effects of an educational intervention on the knowledge and practices of nurses and doctors who provide primary care to pregnant women. The intervention group, doctors and nurses (n = 22) from the family health units in a medium-sized city of São Paulo State, Brazil, received 16 h of training comprising an introductory course and three workshops, whereas the control group, doctors and nurses (n = 20) from traditional basic health units in Botucatu, did not. The professionals' knowledge was assessed at two time points, 1 month prior to and 1 year after the beginning of the intervention, using an ad hoc self-report questionnaire. The increases in the knowledge scores for walking and healthy eating of the intervention and control groups were calculated and compared using Student's t-test. To analyze the professionals' practice, women in the second trimester of pregnancy were asked whether they received guidance on healthy eating and leisure-time walking; 140 of these women were cared for by professionals in the intervention group, and 141 were cared for by professionals in the control group. The percentage of pregnant women in each group that received guidance was compared using the chi-square test and the Prevalence Ratio (PR), and the corresponding 95 % confidence intervals (CI) were calculated. RESULTS: The intervention improved the professionals' knowledge regarding leisure-time walking (92 % increase in the score, p < 0.001). The women who were cared for by the intervention group were more likely to receive guidance regarding leisure-time walking (PR = 2.65; 95 % CI = 1.82-3.83) and healthy eating (PR = 1.76; 95 % CI = 1.34-2.31) when compared to the control group. CONCLUSION: It is possible to improve the knowledge and practices of health professionals through the proposed intervention aimed at primary health care teams providing antenatal care.

[Association between the degree of implementation of the Brazilian Breastfeeding Network and breastfeeding indicators]. / Associação entre o grau de implantação da Rede Amamenta Brasil e indicadores de amamentação.

This study aimed to evaluate the implementation of the Brazilian Breastfeeding Network and its impact on breastfeeding indicators. Implementation was analyzed according to type, including 56 primary healthcare units from three Brazilian municipalities. For evaluation of the degree of implementation, a score was created for each unit based on compliance with Ministry of Health certification criteria. Effects of implementation were analyzed according to exclusive and overall breastfeeding rates. Eighteen (32.1%) of the units met the four criteria for certification. The study sample included 1,052 children less than one year of age, of whom 563 were less than six months old. Units that met the four criteria for certification showed higher rates of exclusive breastfeeding (44%) when compared to the other units. Difficulties in implementing the Brazilian Breastfeeding Network were identified, and breastfeeding indicators varied according to the number of certification criteria met by the primary healthcare unit.

Cárie dentária em escolares de 12 anos de idade em município sem água fluoretada na Amazônia Ocidental brasileira, 2010 / Dental caries in 12-year-old schoolchildren from a non-fluoridated municipality in the Western Brazilian Amazon, Brazil, 2010 / Caries dental en escolares de 12 años de edad en municipio sin agua fluorada en la Amazonia Occidental brasileña, 2010

OBJETIVO: descrever a ocorrência da cárie dentária e o cuidado odontológico recebido por escolares de 12 anos de idade em município de pequeno porte na região amazônica, segundo sexo e área de residência. MÉTODOS: estudo descritivo realizado em Acrelândia-AC, Brasil, em 2010; foram estimados o CPOD e o índice de cuidados odontológicos, segundo recomendações da Organização Mundial da Saúde. RESULTADOS: participaram 186 escolares, sendo 47,8% meninas e 41,4% residentes na zona rural; o CPOD foi de 2,15 (1,77;2,52), sem diferenças entre as categorias; o índice de cuidados foi de 32,8%, com valores mais elevados para a zona rural (p<0,001). CONCLUSÃO: embora não beneficiados por água fluoretada, os escolares apresentaram padrão de cárie e de cuidado odontológico mais próximo ao do conjunto Brasil que ao da região Norte; hipótese de associação com o nível de desenvolvimento humano e atuação das equipes de saúde bucal na Estratégia Saúde da Família foi discutida.

OBJECTIVE: to describe dental caries occurrence and dental care received among 12-year-old schoolchildren in a small town in the Amazon region according to sex and area of residence. METHODS: this was a descriptive study conducted in Acrelandia-AC, Brazil, in 2010; DMFT and dental care indexes were estimated in accordance with World Health Organization recommendations. RESULTS: 186 schoolchildren participated, 47.8% were girls and 41.4% lived in the rural area; DMFT was 2.15 (1.77;2.52) without differences between the categories; the care index was 32.8%, with higher rates for the rural area (p<0.001). CONCLUSION: although they lived in a non-fluoridated area, the schoolchildren had a caries experience and dental care pattern closer to that of Brazil as a whole rather than that of the Northern region; the hypothesis of association with the level of human development and the performance of Family Health Strategy Oral Health teams is discussed.

OBJETIVOS: describir la presencia de caries dental y atención odontológica recibida por escolares de 12 años de edad, en un pequeño municipio en la región amazónica según sexo y área de residencia. MÉTODOS: estudio descriptivo realizado en Acrelandia-AC, Brasil, en 2010, fueron estimados el CPOD e el índice de cuidados odontológicos según recomendaciones de la Organización Mundial de la Salud. RESULTADOS: participaron 186 escolares, siendo 47,8% mujeres y 41,4% residentes de zona rural; el CPOD fue 2,15 (1,77;2,52), sin diferencias entre las categorías; el índice de cuidados odontológicos fue 32,8%, con valores superiores para la zona rural (p<0,000). CONCLUSIÓN: a pesar no ser beneficiarios de agua fluorada, los escolares mostraron un padrón de caries y cuidados odontológicos más próximo al de todo Brasil que al de la región norte; se discute la hipótesis de asociación con el nivel de desarrollo humano y el desempeño de los equipos de Salud Bucal de la Estrategia Salud de la Familia.

Alta prevalência de inadequação da ingestão dietética de cálcio e vitamina D em duas coortes de gestantes / High prevalence of inadequate calcium and vitamin D dietary intake in two cohorts of pregnant women / Alta prevalencia de inadecuación en la ingestión dietética de calcio y vitamina D en dos cohortes de gestantes

Este estudo objetivou identificar a prevalência de inadequação da ingestão, por trimestre, de cálcio e vitamina D, em duas coortes de gestantes e fatores correlacionados a esta ingestão. Foram coletados dois recordatórios alimentares de 24 horas em cada trimestre, um relativo a final de semana. Variáveis com correlação significativa com a ingestão desses nutrientes foram incluídas em modelo de regressão linear multivariada, com ajuste por energia. A frequência de inadequação foi estimada pelo método do National Cancer Institute (Estados Unidos). Na coorte A, a inadequação da ingestão de vitamina D não diferiu entre os trimestres; na B, houve redução: 99,7% no 1º para 97,1% no 3º trimestre. Nas coortes A e B, a inadequação da ingestão de cálcio esteve acima de 70%, caindo discretamente do 1º (89,2% e 81,4%) para o 2º (79,7 e 69,1%) e 3º trimestres (82,7% e 72,6%). Não houve correlação entre as variáveis maternas e a ingestão desses micronutrientes. Conclui-se que há um quadro grave de inadequação da ingestão de vitamina D e cálcio, homogeneamente distribuído entre as gestantes assistidas na rede básica de saúde.

This study aimed to identify the prevalence of inadequate calcium and vitamin D dietary intake and related factors in two cohorts of pregnant women according to trimester of pregnancy. Two 24-hour dietary recall tests were taken in each trimester, one pertaining to weekends. Variables significantly correlated with intake of these nutrients were included in a multivariate linear regression model, adjusted for energy. Prevalence of inadequate intake was estimated according to the National Cancer Institute method (United States). In cohort A, inadequate vitamin D did not differ between trimesters; in B there was a reduction: from 99.7% in the first trimester to 97.1% in the third. In cohorts A and B, inadequate calcium intake exceeded 70%, falling slightly from the first (89.2% and 81.4%) to the second (79.7% and 69.1%) and third trimesters (82.7% and 72.6%). There was no correlation between maternal variables and the intake of these micronutrients. In conclusion, intake of vitamin D and calcium is seriously inadequate and distributed homogeneously among pregnant women in the primary healthcare network.

Este estudio tuvo como objetivo identificar la prevalencia de inadecuación en la ingestión, por trimestre, de calcio y vitamina D, en dos cohortes de gestantes, además de los factores correlacionados con esta ingestión. Se recogieron dos recordatorios alimentarios de 24 horas durante cada trimestre, uno de ellos relativo al fin de semana. Se incluyeron variables en correlación significativa con la ingestión de esos nutrientes, en el modelo de regresión lineal multivariante, con ajuste por energía. La frecuencia de inadecuación fue estimada por el método del National Cancer Institute (Estados Unidos). En la cohorte A, la inadecuación de la ingestión de vitamina D no difirió entre los trimestres; en la B, hubo reducción: un 99,7% durante el 1º, frente a un 97,1% en el 3º trimestre. En las cohortes A y B, la inadecuación en la ingestión de calcio estuvo por encima de un 70%, cayendo discretamente del 1º (89,2% y 81,4%), al 2º (79,7 y 69,1%) y 3º trimestres (82,7% e 72,6%). No hubo correlación entre las variables maternas y la ingestión de esos micronutrientes. Se concluye que existe un cuadro grave de inadecuación en la ingestión de vitamina D y calcio, homogéneamente distribuido entre las gestantes asistidas por la red básica de salud.